15^th International Conference on Environmental Chemistry and Engineering August 15-16, 2019 Rome, Italy

Environmental Biology is the study of organism’s interaction with the environment, and how they adapt to changing environments. It explores the interconnections among biology, ecology, evolution, and conservation. Environments consist of many components including both physical features, such as climate and soil type, and biological features, such as prey and predators. The term environmental biology has wider connotations than ecology because it includes the study of humans in the environment, so you will find such subjects as agriculture, pollution and the unnatural surroundings. Understanding the ecology of an area is like trying to put together a gigantic, multidimensional jigsaw. Some pieces are the individual species in the area.

Environmental geology unites the core foundation of environmental science and places particular emphasis on the study of geology and executing it to real-world situations. It is an applied science concerned with the practical application of the basis of geology in the iron out of environmental problems. It includes Hydrogeology, Environmental Mineralogy, Hydro geochemistry, Soil Mechanics etc. The fundamentals concepts of environmental geology are Human population growth, Sustainability, Hazardous earth processes etc. Environmental Geology employs in geologic hazards, topical issues, and natural resources of concern to society such as change in climate and provides sound advice about how humanity can live responsibly on Earth.

Research on environmental geology emphases on the physical and chemical processes occurring at or nearby the Earth’s surface impacting by human activities. Hydrogeology is important nowadays  as some piece of the world are sacred with frequent rainfall and plentiful surface water resources, but most countries need to use the water that is underground stored to supplement their needs. Environmental geology applies geologic information to the solution, prediction and study of geologic complications such as Earth materials, Landscape evaluation, Natural hazards, Environmental impact analysis and remediation.

Environmental Climatic Factor

Climatic factors include rainfall and water, light, temperature, relative humidity, air, and wind. They are abiotic components, including topography and soil, of the environmental factors that influence plant growth and development.

These factors may be biotic (living) and abiotic (non­living). The sum total of all these factors constitutes the environ­ment of an organism.

1)      Climatic or Aerial factors: 

·         Light

·         Temperature

·         Water

·         Atmospheric gases

·         Humidity

2) Topographic or Physiographic factors:

·         Altitude

·         Direction of mountain chains and valleys

2)      Edaphic factors:

·         These deal with formation of soil, its physical and chemical properties and details of related aspects

3)      Biotic factors:

·         These are all kinds of interactions be­tween different forms of life. These are plants, animals, micro-organisms.

Energy storage is the capture of energy that produces energy for onetime or later several times. A device that stores energy is called accumulator. Both wind and solar energy in recent years can help to produce valuable source of renewable energy. Wind turbines and Photovoltaic by installation can produce enough energy to sustain themselves. Bulk energy storage can be dominated by pumped hydro which accounts for 98% global energy storage.

Environmental science is a multidisciplinary academic field that combines physical, biological and information sciences to the environmental study. The social science fields that are incorporated into environmental science include geography, economics, and political science. Philosophy and ethics are the two fields within the humanities that are also included in environmental science. The surface environment of the Earth is disciplined by interactions between the deep Earth, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the biosphere. This intercommunication occur on timescales ranging from picoseconds for chemical reactions on mineral surfaces to the millions of years over which plate tectonic processes and earth’s evolution take place. Investigations are open on what shapes our world and the environment in which we live, in order to understand the interactions between Earth's geology, atmosphere, biosphere, oceans, and human responses and roles

This Area reviews the origins and nature of environmental challenges facing society through the study of their scientific, socio-economic and political dimensions, and prospect the ways of addressing these challenges through environmental, natural resource management, conservation and policy approaches. It is concerned with existing and emerging strategies for avoiding and managing the impacts of human activities and for conserving the resources of the biosphere in ways that are supporting to sustainable development. It provides knowledge, concepts, and skills needed to be effective in environmental management in business, government, and not-for-profit sectors.

Polymer engineering is an engineering that designs analysis and modify polymer material. Basic divisions of polymer are thermoplastic, elastomer, and thermoset which helps to design areas of application compounding and processing of polymer are major description of polymer. It includes different types of polymerization. The special technical importance of polymers can be judged by the fact that half of the professional organic chemists employed by industry in the United States are engaged in research or development related to polymers.

Environmental design is the manner of addressing surrounding environmental parameters when devising plans, policies, programs, buildings, or products.

Environmental design can also refer to the applied arts and sciences dealing with creating the human-designed environment. These fields constitute architecture, geography, urban planning, landscape architecture, and interior design. Environmental design can also encircle interdisciplinary areas such as historical preservation and lighting design. In terms of a bigger scope, environmental design has implications for the industrial design of products: wind-electricity generators, innovative automobiles, solar-electric equipment, and other kinds of equipment could serve as examples. Currently, the term has expanded to employ wind-electricity generators to ecological and sustainability issues.

Environmental chemistry application areas:

• Risk/Hazard Assessments and Environmental Impact Assessments
• Environmental Management
• Groundwater protection
• Surface water quality protection
• Soil protection
• Cleaner production and waste management Policy

Energy and environment are related in the technological and scientific aspects including energy conservation, and the synergy of energy forms and systems with the physical environment. The levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide has risen by 31% between 1800 and 2000, going from 280 parts per million to 367 parts per million. Scientists predict that co₂ levels could be as high as 970 parts per million by the year 2100. Different factors are responsible for this development, such as promotion with respect to technical parameters of energy converters, in particular, improved efficiency; discharge characteristics and increased lifetime. Various environmental policies have been implemented across the world for reduction of GHG emissions for improvement of environment

Environmental toxicology is the science and practices of the adverse effects mainly of chemicals other man-made agents in the environment and through the environment. The targeted receptors of these adverse effects may be both the ecosystem and the human. Environmental toxicology includes the study of chemical substances  potential and actual contaminants – polluting air, water, soil and food, their impacts upon the structure and function of ecological systems, including man as well as the use of these results for decision making and environmental management.

Mutagenicity refers to the induction of permanent transmissible changes in the structure of the genetic material of cells or organisms. These changes (mutations) may involve a single gene or a block of genes.

Environmental Health is the field of science and mainly focused on the natural and built environments for the benefit of human health. Environmental health field tries to limit the harmful exposures through natural things such as soil, water, air food, etc. Environmental health and safety creates the physical work environment which encompasses the promotion and maintenance of the physical, mental and social well-being of employees or workers in the organization. It includes reducing work-related injury, illness and disability by addressing the harmful hazards and risks of the physical environment. Reducing physical job hazards may also reduce work related stress in employees in workplace.

Environmental biotechnology is a complex of scientific and engineering education related to the use of microorganisms and their products in the inhibition of environmental pollution through bio treatment of liquid, solid, and gaseous wastes, bioremediation of spoil environments, bio monitoring of environment and treatment processes. The aids of biotechnological treatment of wastes are as follows: diversity of the conditions suitable for biodegradation, biodegradation of a wide spectrum of hazard substances by natural microorganisms; availability of a wide range of biotechnological channels for complete wrecking of hazardous wastes; and diversity of the conditions suitable for biodegradation. The major considerations for utilization of biotechnology in waste treatment are technically and economically reasonable rate of detoxification of substances during biotechnological treatment, and ability of natural microorganisms to degrade substances. 

Environmental chemistry is the scientific review of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places. Environmental chemistry can be described as the study of the sources, reactions, transport, effects of chemical species in the air, soil, and water environments; and the effect of human activity on these. Environmental chemistry is an integrative science that includes atmospheric, aquatic and soil chemistry, as well as uses analytical chemistry. It is allied to environmental and other areas of science. It is different from green chemistry, which tries to trim potential pollution at its source.

Whereas Environmental engineering deals with the combination of sciences and engineering principles to develop the natural environment, to provide healthy air, water, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to procure pollution sites.

Ecological instruction is a procedure that permits people to investigate natural issues, take part in critical thinking, and make a move to enhance the earth. It is a multi-disciplinary field incorporating orders, for example, science, science, material science, nature, earth science, air science, arithmetic, and topography. It is a multi-disciplinary field incorporating orders, for example, science, science, material science, environment, earth science, barometrical science, arithmetic, and topography.

Human population development, ascending according to capita material utilization, and troublesome advancements have made progress a worldwide environmental constrain. Human initiated worldwide natural changes perceive two expansive and covering field of study. Digestion examines the stream of materials and vitality through the chain of extraction, generation, utilization and transfer of present day modern culture.

Biogeochemical cycle is a pathway by which a synthetic substance travels through both the biotic and abiotic parts of Earth. Biogeochemical discloses to us that organic, topographical and compound variables are included. There are numerous biogeochemical cycles that are as of now being considered interestingly as environmental change and human effects are radically changing the speed, power, and adjust of these moderately obscure cycles.

Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability. Hydrology subdivides into surface water hydrology, groundwater hydrology (hydrogeology), and marine hydrology. Domains of hydrology include hydrometeorology, surface hydrology, hydrogeology, drainage-basin management and water quality. 

Geochemistry is the science that uses the apparatuses and standards of science to clarify the instruments behind major land frameworks, for example, the Earth's covering and its seas. The domain of geochemistry stretches out past the Earth, enveloping the whole Solar System and has made critical commitments to the comprehension of various procedures including mantle convection, the development of planets and the causes of rock and basalt. The investigation of the strong Earth and the seas, and the procedures that shape them, is principal to understanding the Earth and Environment as an advancing framework.

Environmental innovation is the use of at least one of natural science, green science, natural checking and electronic gadgets to screen, model and ration the common habitat and assets, and to control the negative effects of human association. Feasible advancement markers are measures of manageability, and endeavor to evaluate past the non-specific idea. In spite of the fact that there are contradictions among from various controls and global associations have each offered measures. While supportability pointers, records, and revealing frameworks increased developing prevalence in both general society and private parts. 

A biological system is a group of living beings in conjunction with the nonliving parts. Biotic and abiotic parts are connected together through supplement cycles and vitality streams. Biological communities are controlled both by outside and inner variables. Outside variables, for example, atmosphere, parent material that structures the dirt and geography control the general structure of an environment. Biodiversity influences biological community work to do the procedure of aggravation and progression. 

Environmental biotechnology is used to study the natural environment. Environmental biotechnology could also imply that one try to harness biological process for commercial uses and exploitation. Molecular biotechnology is the use of laboratory techniques to study and modify nucleic acids and proteins for applications in areas such as human and animal health, agriculture, and the environment. Molecular biotechnology results from the convergence of many areas of research, such as molecular biology, microbiology, biochemistry, immunology, genetics, and cell biology.  

An environmental disaster is a natural environment due to human activity. Environmental disasters can have effect on agriculture, biodiversity, economy and human health. . Disasters are not random and do not occur by accident. They are the convergence of hazards and vulnerable conditions. Disasters not only reveal underlying social, economic, political and environmental problems, but unfortunately contribute to worsening them. Such events pose serious challenges to development, as they erode hard-earned gains in terms of political, social and educational progress, as well as infrastructure and technological development.