8^th International Conference on Environmental Chemistry and Engineering September 20-22, 2018 Berlin, Germany/ Golden Tulip Berlin – Hotel Hamburg

Biography:

Emmanuel C Besa completed his MD from the University of the Philippines, College of Medicine, finished his postdoctoral studies from the University of Pennsylvania at Presbyterian Medical Center in Hematology and Oncology. He joined the faculty of the Medical College of Pennsylvania as an assistant professor and promoted to full professor in 1994 and tenure in 1995. The institution evolved into the Drexel University College of Medicine by 2004. He moved to Thomas Jefferson University as Professor of Medicine and Medical Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center as part of the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation program. He was an active member as part of the Educational Committee of the American Society of Hematology and has designed case teaching which is available at the ASH website. He was awarded the MDS Center of Excellence by the MDS Foundation in 2000 at Drexel and 2005 at Jefferson. He recently retired from his academic position in June 30, 2013 but continues to conduct CME lectures and is active as the Hematology Editor of Medscape Emedicine, an online medical text which is peer reviewed.

Abstract:

Although not all patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) evolve into acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), it is generally believed that these patients if they survive long enough will eventually transform and was in the past named as a preleukemic syndrome. Basic knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism of the evolution of MDS into AML, development of epigenetic and immunomodulatory agents in its management may give us opportunities of better management of the disease as well as opportunities to prevention of its evolution to a fatal condition given the right circumstances. Continued improvement in classification and prognostication by inclusion of new data including cytogenetics and molecular markers, we are now able to tailor specific treatment for subgroups of patients who share similar diagnostic labels but differ in pathogenesis as indicated by their molecular markers leading to a more specific and personal approach to their management. A specific example in MDS is the presence of a cytogenetic abnormality ie. del5q which is responsive to a specific immunomodulatory agent called lenalidomide (an analogue of thalidomide). This syndrome which for the past decade had no standard therapy that prolonged survival has now shown a doubling overall survival with azacytidine, a demethylating agent. Meanwhile in AML, specific cytogenetic abnormalities have led to a completely different approach such as using a retinoid and arsenic trioxide for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with the specific cytogenetic abnormality of a translocation 15;17. We also now identified AML patients with cytogenetic abnormalities of the core binding factor such as inverted 16 as a good prognostic marker and treated specifically with standard induction and high dose cytosine arabinoside consolidation. The intermediate group in AML with normal cytogenetics is a mixture of good and bad prognostic patients and with the help of molecular markers such as FLT3/ITD and NPM markers, we are able to tease out the good from the bad and plan out a more specific approach to their management. We an also identify up front patients who will not respond to our available therapies and should be prepared early for possible hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The latter has evolved so that we can now push this form of treatment to include some of our elderly patients using less aggressive non-myeloablative approaches and using graft versus leukemia effects to our advantage.

Biography:

Abd El-Aziz Ahmed Said completed his PhD from Assiut University and Postdoctoral studies from Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan. He is the Director of Material Science and Nanotechnology Center, Faculty of Science and Former Dean of Faculty of Science, Assiut University. He has published more than 110 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as Editorial Board Member of repute.

Abstract:

In this work, the incorporation of CuO into Co₃O₄ (Cu_xCo_3−xO₄, 3.0≤x≥0.0) is presented as promoter to obtain highly active and stable nanocatalysts towards the catalytic conversion of CO into CO₂. The pure and mixed oxides were prepared by co-precipitation-sonication method using K₂CO₃ as precipitant. The catalysts were characterized by TG-DTA, XRD, BET, HRTEM, electrical conductivity and surface chemisorbed oxygen measurements. The results revealed that the addition of CuO (x=0.0-0.75) to Co₃O₄ monotonically increases the specific surface area, the amount of surface chemisorbed oxygen, electrical conductivity and catalytic activity of the nanocatalysts. The role of the active redox sites existed in these nanocatalysts such as Co³⁺/Co²⁺, Cu²⁺/Cu⁺ and Co³⁺/Cu⁺ which are responsible for such modification was discussed. In addition, the catalytic activity indicated that Cu_0.75Co_2.25O₄ nanocatalyst calcined at 400℃ exhibited the highest catalytic activity with total conversion of CO into CO₂ at 125℃. Furthermore, the Cu_xCo_3−xO₄ catalysts also display high catalytic long-term stability. Finally the effects of various operational parameters were also studied.

Biography:

Guillermo J Rincon is an Assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of New Orleans in New Orleans, Louisiana. He has completed his PhD in Environmental Engineering and MS in Engineering at the University of New Orleans, and BSc in Chemical Engineering at La Universidad del Zulia in Venezuela. He has over 10 years of experience in produced water treatment and recovery and has conducted research in advanced treatment technologies for wastewater remediation, dealing specifically with applications of electrocoagulation, electrodisinfection and UV and solar photocatalysis.

Abstract:

The research presented herein discusses the feasibility of using electro-coagulation (EC) as a method to treat bilge water discharges, with an emphasis on emulsified oil and heavy metals (copper, nickel and zinc) removal. EC experiments were conducted using a bench-scale continuous-flow reactor (manufactured by Ecolotron, Inc.) and a synthetic oily emulsion as experimental fluid. The as-synthetized bilge water contained 5000 mg/L of oil and grease 5 mg/L, 1.5 mg/L and 2.5 mg/L of copper, nickel and zinc respectively. Experimental results showed high removal efficiencies for oil and grease, specially when using a combination of carbon steel and aluminum electrodes. Operating the bench-scale reactor to allow for 1 min retention time and 0.6 A/cm² produced pre-filtration effluent concentrations of oil and grease of less than 10 mg/L. High removal effciencies were also observed for heavy metals. 99% removal of zinc and 70% removal for copper and nickel resulted from using the same carbon steel and aluminum electrodes, retention time of 1 minute and a current of 7.5 A.

Biography:

Raquel Jiménez-Melero is Assistant Teacher in the Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology at the University of Jaén, Spain and Member of the research team called Ecology and Biodiversity of Aquatic Systems. Her aim of the study is the wetlands in general and the zooplankton in particular. In order of understanding, as these ecosystems are going to face the global change, she studied the zooplankton communities respond to the environmental variables and the contaminants. She combines her love for the ecology with her passion for the environmental education and the science popularization.

Abstract:

Important conservation efforts are often directed to protect emblematic species or biomes whereas; small closest and less majestic habitats are usually forgotten. That is the case of small ponds. Despite of the great biodiversity they shelter and of their indubitable social and ecological value, these ecosystems are one of the most threatened ecosystems in the world. The value of these ecosystems is incalculable. Among the goods and services they provide, it would have to highlight the regulation of aquifer loading and unloading, brine and salt supply, flood control, carbon sequestration, water storage, regulation of nutrients cycles, production/recycling of organic matter, sediment retention, source of great biodiversity, green tourism, spiritual enrichment and aesthetic experiences and so on. In the particular case of the Andalusian ponds, South Spain as in other parts of the world, the main threats of these ecosystems are climate change, drainage and ploughing to increase cultivable areas, wetlands siltation due to the high soil losses because of the olive growing, increase or decrease of salinity as a result of irrigation techniques adopted and contamination with pesticides, herbicides and drugs. Of particular concern is the latest threat mentioned, since it affects not only wetlands but also reservoirs whose water is for human consumption. In this plenary talk, we want to briefly show the knowledge acquired by our research group after two decades of studying these valuable ecosystems and the strategies we have carried out to make their values known to different sectors of society.

Figure 1: Modification of zooplankton community structure as respond to changes on environmental variables. Dots indicate percentage of contribution of each taxon to the similarity in every treatment estimated with a SIMPER analysis.

Recent Publications

1. Gilbert J D, de Vicente I, Ortega F, García-Muñoz E, Jiménez-Melero R, Parra G and Guerrero F (2017) Linking watershed land uses and crustacean assemblages in Mediterranean wetlands. Hydrobiologia 799(1):181–191.

2. Parra G, Galotti A, Jiménez-Melero F, Guerrero F, Sanchez-Moyano E, Jiménez-Gómez F and Conradi M (2016) Effects of experimental long-term CO₂ exposure on Daphnia magna. Chemosphere 156:272-279.

3. Gilbert J D, de Vicente I, Ortega F, Jiménez-Melero R, Parra G and Guerrero F (2015) A comprehensive evaluation of the crustacean assemblages in southern Iberian Mediterranean wetlands. Journal of Limnology 74(1):169-181.

4. Jiménez-Melero R, Gilbert J D and Guerrero F (2014) Seasonal variation in the sex ratio of Arctodiaptomus salinus (Copepoda:Calanoida): Does it agree with the “cheaper-sex” hypothesis? Journal of Plankton Research 36(6):1413–1418.

5. Gilbert J D, de Vicente I, Jiménez-Melero R, Parra G and Guerrero F (2014) Selecting priority conservation areas based on zooplankton diversity: the case of Mediterranean wetlands. Marine and Freshwater Research 65(10):857–871.

Biography:

Guohua Luo is an Associate Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University. His research interest covers from fundamental level by lab-scale experiments to potential industrial applications on novel solid catalysts design and evaluation, gas-solid fluidized-bed reactors for carbon nanotubes, DeNOx process, catalytic synthesis of fine chemicals and green nano-gold@carbon (non-Hg) catalyst for PVC industry. He has published over 90 peer-reviewed academic papers which have been cited over 2000 times. He received three first prizes, from the Ministry of Education of China in natural science (2005) and technology invention (2012), from Chinese Union of Petroleum and Chemical Industry in science and technology progress (2015).

Abstract:

Biography:

Hao Xu received his Bachelor’s degree in 2014 from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China with a major of Chemical and Industrial Biological Engineering. He is currently a PhD candidate in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, China. He is working on the development of non-mercury catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination process and corresponding reactor design & simulation. He also devotes himself to the industrialization of the process and the developed catalysts have been working on pilot-trial equipment for over 18000 hours.

Abstract:

Acetylene hydrochlorination is the main reaction for the dominant process for VCM (vinyl chloride monomer) production from coal resource in mainland China. The traditional activated carbon based mercury catalyst for this reaction causes severe human damage and environmental pollution. Gold is widely considered as the most active metal for acetylene hydrochlorination reaction and copper is the most common metal with cost-effective advantage. The combination of two metals shows the best potential for environmentally friendly non-mercury catalysts. In our study, the performance of Au/Cu catalyst was dramatically enhanced by the introduction of organic ion ligands. Several ligands were studied and trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) was proved to be an effective ligand for preventing Au³⁺ from reduction by acetylene, leading to longer catalyst lifetime. The findings were successfully verified by over 18000 hour’s industrial plant-trial evaluation, and the VCM productivity reached 4.2 times comparing to industrial mercury catalyst. Abundant characterization methods including TEM, XRD, TPR, XPS, ICP-AES and nitrogen adsorption-desorption were carried out to reveal the factors which affect the activity and stability of catalysts. Meanwhile, DFT calculation results also illustrated the stability of catalyst is strongly related to the adsorption energy of reactants on the surface of catalysts. Further, reaction and deactivation kinetics of acetylene hydrochlorination reaction was studied and a model was built to simulate the performance of catalyst in long term industrial reactors by limited laboratory data. We have great confidence that the extensive application of non-mercury catalysts can be realized in few years.

Biography:

Ime Akanyeti obtained her Environmental Engineering Degree from Marmara University, Ä°stanbul, Turkey in 2005. After she received her Master’s Degree in Environmental Sciences in Wageningen University, 2007; she has worked as a Researcher in Wetsus, Centre of European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology in the Netherlands for about a year. She has completed her PhD degree in Edinburgh University, Scotland in 2013. She obtained a position as a Lecturer in February 2014 and Assistant Professor in July 2014 in Department of Environmental Engineering at Cyprus International University. She has published several papers in reputed journals.

Abstract:

The synthetic dyes released by the effluents of various industries result in severe environmental pollution that may cause carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on living organisms. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) were extensively studied as high capacity sorbents for the removal of dyes from water. However, a comprehensive understanding of why one dye is sorbed more than the other still remains unknown. In addition, we know very little how sorption mechanisms scale when more than one dye is present in the solution. In this study, a comparative investigation was performed to evaluate the sorption capacity of CoFe LDH for three different dyes: methyl orange (MO), remazol brilliant blue reactive (RBBR) and allura red (AR). Moreover, to shed light on the competitive sorption mechanisms, the sorption behaviour of CoFe LDH in a binary dye solution of MO and RBBR was elucidated. The results indicated that the sorption affinity of CoFe LDH is the highest for MO (750 mg/g) followed by RBBR (155 mg/g) and AR (~83 mg/g), respectively. Sorption of MO on CoFe LDH is best described by the Freundlich isotherm model whereas the Langmuir model has the best fit for RBBR and AR sorption. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and LDH charge analysis results showed that ion exchange mechanism and electrostatic interactions play important roles in dye sorption. In a binary solution, the mass of MO sorbed was reduced significantly while the mass of RBBR sorbed did not change, which was attributed to the alteration of the electrostatic properties of the LDH after the sorption.

Biography:

Nadia El Ouahedy is a 2^nd year PhD student in University of Chouaib Doukkali in Morocco and University of Poitiers in France working on depollution of water by hybrid system as a part of the Project PHC Maghreb 2016. She is doing the preparation of adsorbents from olive waste providing from Morocco, such as the charcoal prepared by the hydrothermal carbonization process at Triers University in Germany, and activated carbon at University of Poitiers in France and Oulu University in Finland, to apply them for the adsorption of bisphenol A and Diuron followed by a catalytic oxidation of those pollutants.

Abstract:

Biography:

Rouzbeh Asadi Khansari is a Lecturer in the Faculty of Sowmeh Sara, Department of Wood and Paper Industry at the University of Technical and Vocational, where he has been a Faculty Member since 1997. He is the Head of Wood and Paper Industry Department. He has completed his PhD at Gorgan University and his Undergraduate studies at Tarbiat Modares University (TMU). His research interests lie in the area of coating of papers by biopolymers and nano fibers and biotechnology for pulp and paper, ranging from theory to design to implementation. He has collaborated actively with researchers in engineered wood and fibers composites, particularly wood modification on problems at the panel/fiber interface.

Abstract:

1. Rouzbeh Asadi Khansari, Mohammadreza Dehghani Firouzabadi and Hossein Resalati (2017) The effect of coatings and coating weight by two types of PCC on barrier and optical properties and roughness of paper. Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries 8(2):283-295.

2. Asadi Khansari R, Dehghani Firouzabadi M R and Resalati H (2017) Fluting and kraft liner papers with GCC coatings and PVA binder. Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology 24(1):145-160.

Biography:

Theophilus Clavell Davies is a Chartered Geologist who currently holds the position of Visiting Professor of Medical Geology at the University of Nigeria at Nsukka. His teaching and research activities encompass three main themes: combating environmental health impacts of mining in Africa; isolating and obviating the effects of climate change on human health in African megacities, and improvement of ethical standards in African geoscience practice. His work includes field and laboratory studies, and has led to a wide range of publications (over 200), including Editorship of five special issues of high impact journals. Before joining the Department at Nsukka, he was a Research Professor in the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the Mangosuthu University of Technology in South Africa. He is the recipient of several distinguished fellowships and research awards, including the prestigious Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Fellowship of Germany and the 2014 NMGS Shell Petroleum Award. He holds (or has held) executive positions in a number of international geo-scientific steering committees such as: Member of the Governing Council and Board of Trustees of the Geological Society of London (1996-2000); Member of the Scientific Board of the UNESCO International Centre for Global-Scale Geochemistry (2016-2021), Regional Councillor for Africa of the Association of Applied Geochemists (2006-Present) and Councillor for Geoscience of the International Medical Geology Association (2011-2015).

Abstract:

The significance of a complete, high quality African geochemical database (AGD) for addressing the range of Earth and environmental science issues (e.g., mineral exploration, resource evaluation, agriculture, land use planning, processes of crustal evolution, modeling of environmental systems) cannot be over-emphasized; because, for such applications to be made in a robust fashion, we need to understand how the region’s unique and complex geochemical landscape was carved out in the first place. The distinctive nature of Earth processes such as intense tropical weathering, leaching, erosion, podsolization and gleying, as well as later imprints of urbanization and industrialization, have engendered the mobilization and clear redistribution of all but the most refractory elements. As a consequence, it is not uncommon to find large tracts of the continent’s surface environment containing anomalous trace element contents or deficiencies in essential micro-nutrient elements. Through water and food crops, extremes in trace element variation in soils are transmitted into the food chain, with often undesirable consequences for human and animal health. It is thus considered that one of the most important applications of an AGD would be in understanding the hydrological, chemical and biological processes that determine the behaviour of nutritional and toxic elements in the surface environment, in relation to how they may affect the health of man and animals (Medical Geology). This is so, because most of Africa’s population still live close to the land, and depend on it for their daily sustenance. Important scientific problems that would confront the construction of an AGD include defining and understanding regional background and the evolution of appropriate sampling and analytical protocols that would take into account the regions’ unique and complex element distribution patterns in the surface environment. These problems are apparently intractable, but are not unsolvable. Longstanding operational and logistical problems that have impeded previous (largely uncoordinated) efforts at an AGD compilation include the limited availability of state-of-the art analytical instrumentation and requisite laboratory infrastructure. An even more important limitation is the dearth of a sufficient number of highly skilled analytical geochemists and other technical personnel located at appropriate regional centers, which are able to install, operate, trouble-shoot and maintain modern analytical equipment. These problems are compounded by the lack, up to now, of adequate international funding to undertake such a high precision and systematic mapping exercise. In this presentation, recommendations are put forward for carrying out a successful and complete compilation of a high quality AGD that would be invaluable for studies in Medical Geology, as well as in an array of other multipurpose, multi-national environmental applications; and proposed measures given for counteracting potential limitations in its development.

Biography:

Zahra Gholami is currently a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Tsinghua University, China, where she works on selective catalytic reduction of NOx. She has completed her Bachelor’s, Master’s and Doctorate in Chemical Engineering. From 2014 to 2016, she continued her research work as a Postdoctoral Researcher at Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia. She has published 20 original research papers in reputed journals and served as Manuscript Peer Reviewer for several journals. Her research interests includes Catalysis, Heterogeneous Catalysts, Reaction Engineering and Environmental Engineering.

Abstract:

Flue gas DeNOx process with no ammonia under oxygen condition and moderate temperatures is an ideal process with low cost, but is very challenging. In this work, catalytic activity of a series of carbon nanotubes (CNT) supported catalysts with different molar ratios of Cu:Ce prepared by co-impregnation method were studied for NO reduction by CO. Physicochemical properties of the catalysts were studied by means of SEM, TEM, XRD and XPS. The catalytic performances of these catalysts were evaluated through reduction of NO by CO. The 20wt.% Cu1:Ce3/CNT catalyst shows the highest NOx conversion of 96% at 220°C. Compared to some literatures results, the catalytic activity of the CNT-supported catalysts was significantly enhanced due to the synergistic interactions between Cu:Ce and good properties of CNTs such as high mechanical strength and electrical and thermal conductivity, adsorption and unique nanostructure. The redox equilibrium (Cu²⁺+Ce³⁺↔Cu⁺+Ce⁴⁺) was proposed here and the interaction between copper and cerium resulted in the formation of Cu⁺ species on the surface of the CNTs. The synergistic effect between surface oxygen vacancies and Cu⁺ species over the CNT supported catalysts plays an important role in the reduction of NO by CO under oxygen condition and the activity is mainly related to the electronegativity of elements, the reduction and adsorption behaviors of these catalysts. This work can provide some insights into the catalytic reactions among NO and CO under oxygen condition.

Biography:

Sarisak Soontornchai has completed his DSc (Nutritional Toxicology) from Mahidol University and training from Max von Pettenkofer, Berlin, Germany, and Institute of Chemical and Biochemical Sensor, Muenster, Germany. He is Associate Professor of Public Health in School of Health Science, Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, Thailand. He has published about 30 papers and has been serving as Editor-in-Chief of STOU Journal. Additionally, he is as an Editorial Board Member of ASEAN Journal of Open and Distance Learning (AJODL) and Thai Journal of Toxicology.

Abstract:

Since chemical safety among household community products are still concerned, therefore, the objectives of this applied research were to survey chemical use situation in household community products on cosmetics and hazardous substances in Nonthaburi Province, Thailand. This qualitative research was conducted in samples of 18 household community product entrepreneurs obtaining product quality according to community product standard in Nonthaburi Province by in-depth interview. The research instrument with content validity by 3 experts was interviewing form on chemical use situation of household community products. Data were analyzed by content analysis. The findings of this research revealed that most of the entrepreneurs were single enterprise with investment cost of 50,000 – 100,000 baht. They formulate their household community products by production process from training. Their chemicals used were selected by consulting experts. They generated their products in their own residents with separated areas, kept their chemicals in those areas as well, and worked guided by attached chemical sheets. They used personal protective equipment and disposed production waste through public drainage pipe. They had no chemical information and hazard communication in their production area. The chemicals mainly used were detergent, surfactants, acids, and bases as well as herbs. They all realized aquatic environment pictogram and correct practices in terms of separated production and cooking containers, chemical contact with gloves, concern with chemical contact to their eyes, immediate cleaning of chemical spill, no smoking while working, and hand washing after chemical handling and before eating.

Biography:

Alireza Noorpoor has completed his BSc in Mechanical Engineering at University of Mazandaran, Iran. He completed his MSc and PhD in Mechanical Engineering at Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran in 2000 and 2006 respectively. Now he is an Associate Professor in Graduate Faculty of Environment at University of Tehran (UT). His field of research is air pollution control, energy systems and CFD. Now, he is the Head of Air Pollution Control Technologies Research Group (APTEC) in UT. Also, he has established a knowledge based company, FANPAYA CO. that works in environmental and renewable energy.

Abstract:

Discharging cattle manure as the waste of the livestock activities to the environment has resulted in biological and chemical contamination and methane emission that has concluded major large-scale impacts, such as global warming. Thus, anaerobic digesters are utilized to eliminate harmful micro-organisms, which occur in the cattle manure, in a chemical and organic process in absence of oxygen. For improving the efficiency of anaerobic digester, it is necessary to mix all the feedstock within the tank of the digester, properly. In this study, the aim is to model the agitation of the material within an anaerobic digestion tank with a mixer established for stirring cattle manure in a livestock yard; and also to analyze stagnant volume formation and velocity gradient. The CFD model is steady-state and rheological properties of the feedstock are considered. RNG  turbulence model is employed and simple algorithm is used to achieve velocity and pressure field. The results are validated comparing the power consumption of the mixer with the CFD results. Therefore, it is concluded that the employed procedure is suitable to predict the behavior of the cattle manure feedstock in the digester.

Recent Publications

1. A R Noorpoor and S Nazari kudahi (2015) CO₂ emissions from Iran’s power sector and analysis the influencing factors with STIRPAT model. Carbon Management 6(3):1-16.

2. A R Noorpoor and S Nazari kudahi (2016) Analysis and study of CO₂ adsorption on UiO-66/graphene oxide composite using equilibrium modeling and ideal adsorption solution theory (IAST). Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 4:1081-1091.

3. A R Noorpoor, Parisa Heidarnejad, Nasim Hashemian and Danial Hamedi (2017) Exergy based optimization of a biomass and solar fuelled CCHP hybrid seawater desalination plant. Journal of Thermal Engineering 3(1):029-1033.

4. Sahar Asgari, A R Noorpoor and Fateme Ahmadi Boyaghchi (2017) Parametric assessment and multi-objective optimization of an internal auto-cascade refrigeration cycle based on advanced exergy and exergoeconomic concepts. Journal of Energy 125:576-590.

5. Saeed Nazari Kudahi, Ali Reza Noorpoor and Niyaz Mohammad Mahmoodi (2017) Determination and analysis of CO₂ capture kinetics and mechanisms on the novel graphene-based adsorbents. Journal of CO₂ Utilization 21:17-29.