Environmental Chemistry

Anti-pollution chemistry and green chemistry

Green chemistry is the design of chemicals and processes that reduce or eliminate the use Or generation of hazardous substances. Green chemistry applies throughout the life cycle of a chemical, including its design, manufacture, use and final disposal. Green chemistry is also known as sustainable chemistry. Green chemistry reduces pollution at its source by minimizing or eliminating the hazards of chemical raw materials, reagents, solvents and products.

The global air pollution reached nearly $56.6 billion and $61 billion in 2013 and 2014, respectively. This market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2% to reach $78.4 billion for the period control equipment market 2014-2019. This report provides an in-depth analysis of global air pollution control equipment markets and technologies.

Environmental toxicology is the science and practice of the adverse effects primarily of chemicals and other man-made agents in the environment and through the environment. The targeted receptors of these harmful effects can be both the ecosystem and the human. Environmental toxicology includes the study of potential chemical substances and actual contaminants - polluting air, water, soil and food, their impacts on the structure and function of ecological systems, including humans, as well as the use of these results for decision-making and environmental management.

Mutagenicity refers to the induction of permanent transmissible changes in the structure of the genetic material of cells or organisms. These changes (mutations) can involve a single gene or a block of genes.

The global in vitro toxicity testing market was valued at $4 billion in 2011 and over $4.9 billion in 2012. This market is estimated at nearly $9.9 billion in 2017, with a rate of compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.7% for the five period from 2012 to 2017. This report provides an overview of the global in vitro toxicity testing market, with assessments of its growth potential over the next five years and the current market scenario for alternatives to animal testing.

Energy and the environment are linked in technological and scientific aspects, including the conservation of energy and the synergy of energy forms and systems with the physical environment. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increased by 31% between 1800 and 2000, from 280 parts per million to 367 parts per million. Scientists predict that co2 levels could reach 970 parts per million by the year 2100. Various factors are responsible for this development, such as the promotion regarding the technical parameters of energy converters, in particular improved efficiency; discharge characteristics and increased service life. Various environmental policies have been implemented across the world to reduce GHG emissions to improve the environment.

·         Renewable energy

·         Solid waste management

·         Sustainable development

·         Biogas and biomass

·         Solar energy

The global market for energy and environmental catalysts totaled $25.7 billion in 2014. This market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.6% from nearly $27.3 billion in 2015 to nearly $35.8 billion by 2020.

Environmental biotechnology is a complex of scientific and technical education related to the use of microorganisms and their products in the inhibition of environmental pollution through the biological treatment of liquid, solid and gaseous wastes, bioremediation spoil environments, biological environmental monitoring and treatment processes. The aids of biotechnological waste treatment are: diversity of conditions conducive to biodegradation, biodegradation of a broad spectrum of hazardous substances by natural microorganisms; availability of a wide range of biotechnology pathways for complete destruction of hazardous waste; and the diversity of conditions conducive to biodegradation. The main considerations for the use of biotechnology in waste treatment are a technically and economically reasonable rate of detoxification of substances during biotechnological treatment and the ability of natural microorganisms to degrade substances.

US sales of environmental biotechnology products were valued at $241.2 million in 2012. This is expected to increase at a total compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.9%, with sales of $261.9 million in 2013, rising to $382.3 million in 2018.

Environmental biology is the study of the organism's interaction with the environment and how it adapts to changing environments. It explores the interconnections between biology, ecology, evolution and conservation. Environments are made up of many elements, including physical characteristics, such as climate and soil type, and biological characteristics, such as prey and predators. The term environmental biology has broader connotations than ecology as it includes the study of humans in the environment, so you will find topics such as agriculture, pollution, and the unnatural environment. Understanding the ecology of a territory is like trying to put together a gigantic multidimensional puzzle. Some pieces are the individual species of the region.

Environmental design is the way of dealing with surrounding environmental parameters when designing plans, policies, programs, buildings or products.Environmental design can also refer to the applied arts and sciences dealing with the creation of the human-designed environment. These areas constitute architecture, geography, urban planning, landscape architecture and interior design. Environmental design can also encompass interdisciplinary areas such as historic preservation and lighting design. In a broader context, environmental design has implications for industrial product design: wind power generators, innovative automobiles, solar electric equipment and other types of equipment could serve as examples. Currently, the term has broadened to employ wind-powered electricity generators for ecological and sustainability issues.

The global environmental remediation technology market was valued at approximately $59.5 billion in 2013. The total market is expected to grow from nearly $61.7 billion in 2014 to $80.5 billion in 2019 , with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.5% from 2014 to 2019.

Environmental risks can be chemical, physical, biological, biomechanical or psychosocial in nature. Environmental hazards create traditional risks of poor sanitation and shelter, as well as agricultural and industrial contamination of air, water, food and land. Environmental health risks result from the interaction of people with hazards in the immediate environment.

In order to prevent environmental risks affecting our health, it is very important to be aware of the dangers and to take measures to monitor the risks. Some deal primarily with general environmental health risks, and not with climatic extremes, chemical hazards, occupational hazards, physical hazards, and food-related hazards.

The global hazardous waste management market reached $23.8 billion in 2013 and nearly $25.9 billion in 2014. This market is expected to reach nearly $33.9 billion in 2019, with a rate of compound annual growth (CAGR) of 5.5%.

Environmental health is the field of science and primarily focuses on the natural and built environments for the benefit of human health. The field of environmental health tries to limit harmful exposures through natural things like oil, water, air, food, etc. Environmental health and safety creates the physical work environment that encompasses the promotion and maintenance of the physical, mental and social well-being of the organization's employees or workers. This includes reducing work-related injuries, illnesses and disabilities by addressing harmful hazards and risks in the physical environment. Reducing work-related physical risks can also reduce work-related stress among employees in the workplace. 

Environmental Geology unites the fundamental foundations of environmental science and places special emphasis on the study of geology and its execution in real-life situations. It is an applied science concerned with the practical application of the basics of geology in solving environmental problems. It includes hydrogeology, environmental mineralogy, hydrogeochemistry, soil mechanics, etc. The fundamental concepts of environmental geology are human population growth, sustainability, hazardous earth processes, etc. as climate change and provides sound advice on how humanity can live responsibly on Earth.

Environmental geology research focuses on the physical and chemical processes occurring on or near the Earth's surface, impacted by human activities. Hydrogeology is important these days because some parts of the world are sacred with frequent rainfall and abundant surface water resources, but most countries have to use water stored underground to supplement their needs. Environmental geology applies geological information to the solution, prediction and study of geological complications such as earth materials, landscape assessment, natural hazards, environmental impact analysis and remediation .

An environmental disaster is a natural environment caused by human action. Environmental disasters can affect agriculture, biodiversity, the economy and human health. . Disasters are not random and do not occur accidentally. They are the convergence of hazards and conditions of vulnerability. Not only do disasters reveal underlying social, economic, political and environmental problems, but they unfortunately contribute to making them worse. Such events pose serious challenges to development, as they erode hard-won gains in terms of political and social progress, as well as infrastructure and technology development. There are six main climatic regions: tropical rainy, dry, temperate marine, temperate continental, polar and highlands. The tropics have two types of rainy climates: tropical humid and tropical humid and dry.

Microbial phylogenetics

Earthquake 

An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, along with weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life. Ecosystems contain biotic or living parts as well as abiotic or non-living parts. Biotic factors include plants, animals, and other organisms. There are three main types of ecosystems: freshwater, oceanic and terrestrial. Each type of ecosystem can support a wide variety of habitats and thus represents the diversity of plants and animals on planet Earth. The ecosystem is an autonomous unit of living things (plants, animals and decomposers) and their non-living environment (soil, air and water). Example – a meadow and a forest.

Climate change refers to the infinite variations in temperatures and weather conditions, including precipitation, temperature and winds. These changes can be natural, for example by variations in the solar cycle. Global warming refers to the persistent warming of the Earth caused by increased emissions of greenhouse gases. Climate change encompasses global warming but refers to the consequences of this change in the Earth's overall temperature. Warmer temperatures over time alter weather patterns and upset the usual balance of nature. This brings many risks to human beings and all other life forms on Earth. Global warming refers to the increase in global temperatures due primarily to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Bioaccumulation is the accumulation of substances, such as pesticides or other chemicals in an organism. Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism takes in a substance at a faster rate than the substance is lost through catabolism and excretion. Biotransformation can greatly alter the bioaccumulation of chemicals in an organism. Significant damage to organisms and declines in wildlife populations have been observed, along with long-term bioaccumulation and biomagnification of persistent xenobiotic chemicals. Heavy metals, in particular organic or biomethylated mercury, lead, cadmium and organic tin compounds have caused environmental damage through local bioaccumulation.

The biogeochemical cycle is a pathway by which a synthetic substance moves through the biotic and abiotic parts of the Earth. Biogeochemistry tells us that organic, topographical and compound variables are included. There are many biogeochemical cycles that are currently viewed in an interesting way, as environmental changes and human effects dramatically alter the speed, power, and fit of these moderately obscure cycles.

Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources and environmental sustainability of basins slopes. Hydrology is subdivided into surface water hydrology, groundwater hydrology (hydrogeology) and marine hydrology. Areas of hydrology include hydrometeorology, surface hydrology, hydrogeology, watershed management, and water quality.

Astrochemistry is the study of the abundance and reactions of molecules in the universe, and their interaction with radiation.m. The discipline is an overlap of astronomy and chemistry. The word "astrochemistry" can be applied to both the solar system and the interstellar medium. The study of element abundance and isotopic ratios in solar system objects, such as meteorites, is also called cosmochemistry, while the study of interstellar atoms and molecules and their interaction with radiation is sometimes called molecular astrophysics. Of particular interest is the formation, atomic and chemical composition, evolution, and fate of molecular clouds, because it is from these clouds that solar systems are formed.

Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a multidisciplinary approach to research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modelling, oceanography, geology and volcanology and other disciplines. Research is increasingly linked to other fields of study such as climatology.

Ocean chemistry, also known as marine chemistry, is influenced by plate tectonics and seabed spreading, turbidity currents, sediments, pH levels, atmospheric constituents, metamorphic activity and ecology. The field of chemical oceanography studies the chemistry of marine environments, including the influences of different variables. Marine life has adapted to the chemistries unique to Earth's oceans, and marine ecosystems are sensitive to changes in ocean chemistry.